Exercises
Strength training exercises.
Challenging your muscles with strength training (also called resistance training) exercises 2 or 3 times each week is all that is needed to improve the strength and tone of your muscles – and gain you several long-term health benefits – provided you keep up the routine!
Why tone up?
Life today sees many of us ‘sitting’ for long stints during the day, every day. Our muscles pay the price: the stiffness of joints and the weakening of muscles that we sometimes blame on ageing are often a direct effect of inactivity. Making the effort to have toned muscles will mean you have strong muscles. Strong muscles are firmer – they look better – and they help avoid potentially debilitating bone and joint injuries. Doing strength training exercises can increase your lean body mass (the non-fat parts of your body), which raises your metabolic rate, so helping with weight management. (A kilo of muscle will burn 50 to 100 calories a day at rest whereas a kilo of fat will use up only about 5 to 7 calories a day.)
What are strength training exercises?
Strength training exercises work your muscles by applying a resistance against which the muscles need to exert a force. The aim is to use an appropriate weight or resistant force that will work the target muscles to fatigue, over 8 to 12 repetitions of an exercise. A typical beginner’s strength training programme involves 8 to 10 exercises that work the major muscle groups of the body. These exercises are usually performed 2 to 3 times every week. Often a pair of hand-weights – you can even use 2 soup cans – supply the resistance in these exercises, or the weight of your own body is used as the resistance against which the muscles need to work. Expensive or elaborate gym equipment, although it can be used, is not needed to undertake a strength training programme – you can do it at home with minimal equipment. Strength or resistance training is just one component of an all-round fitness programme, which should cover aerobic fitness, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance. If you are a beginner exerciser, you will gain the most benefit from 3 strength training sessions a week, however, 2 sessions will still give very good results. Remember that strength training must not be done on consecutive days unless different muscle groups are worked, e.g. arms on Monday, legs on Tuesday. This is because muscle tissue is broken down during strength training and then needs recovery time to rebuild itself – this is how muscles get stronger. Sticking to your routine is the key to maintaining your fitness. However, rapidly increasing the intensity of the exercises or the time you spend doing them can lead to injury, and abandoning of the routine.
Warming up and stretching.
Before doing your strength training exercises, you need to warm up. This means 2 to 3 minutes of skipping or jogging, or 3 to 5 minutes of riding an exercise bike. The aim is to increase your heart rate and to raise a light sweat. The increased movement of blood through your muscles will warm the tissues and make them more pliable – a simple measure to help prevent injury during exercise. Follow your warm-up with a short 5-minute stretching routine, again as a means of priming your muscles. Make sure you gently stretch each of the muscles that you will be working with the strength training exercises – the muscles in your back, abdomen, chest, shoulders, arms and legs – holding each stretch for just over 10 seconds. You can stretch the muscle group you have just used immediately after your set of strength training exercises – before you move on to the next exercise. The muscles will be warm and flexible at this time. For example, do a set of 12 reps of a biceps curl and then stretch your biceps muscle before moving on to a triceps strength training exercise.
Cooling down.
Equally important is cooling down after your strength training exercises. This can involve easy walking or cycling for 2 to 3 minutes, followed by 5 to 10 minutes of stretching. The aim is to:
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remove waste products from your muscle tissue;
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prevent blood pooling in the lower half of your body; and
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help you be ready for your next strength training session in 2 to 3 days' time.
Warning!
The exercises included in this article and the general fitness advice are not tailored to individual needs. If you have an existing injury or any health problems, or you do not already exercise regularly several times each week and you are middle aged or older, first check with your doctor about your suitability for a resistance training programme. Before starting your resistance training, ask a trained fitness instructor about the correct technique involved in such a programme, including ways to progress your fitness gradually and minimise injury risk.
Strength training exercises.
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At the start. Begin with one set of each exercise, comprising as few as 5 reps, no more than twice a week.
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Your aim. Gradually increase, over a few weeks, to one set comprising 8 to 12 reps for each exercise every second or third day.
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Beyond this. Once you can comfortably do 12 reps of an exercise you should look at progressing further. Options include increasing the size of your hand-weights – thus increasing the intensity of muscular effort – or increasing the number of sets of each exercise to 2 or 3. The health benefits of strength training can be attained safely by most people if they do 1 set of 8 to 10 reps of each exercise each second or third day. If you have a particular sporting goal in mind and want to increase your level of fitness further, talk to a trained fitness instructor about how to increase the intensity and duration of your strength training programme gradually.
1. Lunges — to strengthen your hamstrings (back of thigh), quadriceps (front of thigh), gastrocnemius (calf) and gluteus maximus (bottom) muscles. Stand with your feet shoulder width apart, hands on hips. (Optional: hold a small hand-weight in each hand, with your hands by your sides.)1 rep = step one leg a generous stride length forward and bend this knee to make a right angle between your thigh and your shin. Allow the heel of the back foot to lift off the ground as you bend the back knee towards the floor. Hold for a few seconds, then return to standing upright. Do the same movement, this time moving the opposite leg to the front. Note: keep your back straight and head upright throughout; make sure that your front leg does not bend beyond forming a right angle between your thigh and shin, that is, don’t allow your front knee to extend over your foot.
2. Squats — to strengthen your quadriceps (front of thigh), gluteus maximus (bottom) and soleus (deep calf) muscles. Stand with your feet shoulder width apart. (Optional: hold a small hand-weight in each hand.)1 rep = slowly bend at the hips and knees, lowering yourself until your thighs are parallel with the floor. Slowly return to standing upright.
3. Standing calf raises — to strengthen your gastrocnemius (calf) muscles. Stand on the edge of a step with just the front of your foot on the step. Hold the railing for balance throughout the exercise.1 rep = take your weight on the ball of one foot by lifting the opposite foot off the ground slightly. Raise the heel of the foot that’s taking the weight as high as is comfortable, then return to the level position; lower this heel until you feel a stretch in your calf muscles, then return to the level position.
4. Wall push ups — to strengthen your chest, arm, shoulder and upper back muscles. Stand facing a solid wall at arm’s length, with feet shoulder width apart. Place the palms of your hands flat on the wall, at shoulder height. Before starting, step your feet back a few inches.1 rep = slowly lean closer to the wall and let your hands take some of your weight by allowing your elbows to bend. Keep your back and neck straight and in line with your legs; avoid bending at the hips. Lean as close to the wall as is comfortable and hold for a few seconds, then straighten your elbows as you return towards the upright position. Remember to keep your abdominals contracted to prevent your back from arching. Note: this exercise is really a standing ‘push up’. The exercise requires more effort the further that your feet are back from the wall. As you gain strength you may like to progress to a knee push up, which is performed on the floor in a face-down position, and then to a standard push up.
5. Biceps curl — to strengthen your biceps muscle (at the front of your upper arm). Stand comfortably, with your feet shoulder width apart, and hold a small hand-weight in one hand, palm facing to the front.1 rep = bend your elbow so that you raise the hand-weight to your shoulder, stopping short of fully flexing your elbow. Return to the starting position by slowly lowering your forearm. Avoid fully straightening your elbow. Keep your wrist straight throughout.
6. Triceps extension — to strengthen your triceps muscle (at the back of your upper arm). Lie on your back on a floormat with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor. Hold a small hand-weight in one hand, at arm’s length above your shoulder. Use your free hand throughout this exercise to support the upper arm that’s being worked, aiming to keep it in a vertical position, perpendicular to the floor. Avoid holding the weight over your face or head.1 rep = slowly lower the weight, stopping just before your elbow is fully bent (flexed). Return the weight to the starting position.
7. Abdominal crunches — to strengthen your rectus abdominus muscles (at the front of your abdomen). Lie on your back on a floormat with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor, shoulder width apart. Rest your forearms crossed over your chest with your hands on your shoulders. Tuck your chin into your chest to ensure the back of your neck is lengthened.1 rep = raise your head and upper back off the floor as far as is comfortable, aiming to raise yourself to your knees. Concentrate on using the muscles at the front of your abdomen to achieve this movement, rather than bending your neck and upper back excessively. Hold for a few seconds, then gently lower your head and upper back to the floor.
8. Seated abdominal twists — to strengthen your oblique abdominal muscles (at the sides of your abdomen) and your rectus abdominus muscles (at the front of your abdomen). Sit on the edge of a chair with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor, shoulder width apart. Place one forearm on top of the other and raise your arms in front of you, to shoulder height. Lean back slightly and tighten your abdominal muscles.1 rep = twist as far as you can in one direction, hold for a few seconds, return to the centre. Repeat in the opposite direction.
9. Back extensions — to strengthen your upper and middle back muscles.Lie face down on a floormat, and bend your elbows so that your fingers are touching your ears.1 rep = slowly lift your chest and shoulders approximately 15 cm off the ground – hold – then slowly lower to the ground again.
10. Quad knee and arm extension — to strengthen your upper, middle and lower back muscles. On a floormat, position yourself on all fours (on your hands and knees) with your back flat and parallel to the floor. Focus your eyes on the mat to keep your neck straight.1 rep = while keeping your head, neck and back in a straight line, slowly raise one arm and the opposite leg off the ground, so that the elevated limbs are in line with your torso. Hold for a few seconds, then lower your limbs to the floor again. Repeat using the opposite limbs. Hold your abdominal muscles tight to prevent your back from arching.
